Exam 91اِگزیم

The sign R-308A shown in the image prohibits parking of vehicles on the side of the road where the sign is located on the odd days of each month. Unless indicated otherwise, the prohibition begins at the sign and ends at the next intersection. It does not prohibit stopping.

The driver of a vehicle must always anticipate his intentions before making a manoeuvre, giving a clear warning sufficiently in advance and using light signals as a general rule or possibly with the arm.

The maximum speed which cannot be exceeded by passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks, and other vehicles on cross-town roads and roads in town is 50 kilometers per hour. This maximum speed must not be exceeded at any time, not even to overtake another vehicle.

Among the difficulties faced by elderly pedestrians when walking on public roads are the following:
• Difficulty in assessing several pieces of information at the same time (multitasking).
• Difficulty in estimating the speed of approaching cars or objects.
• Reduced field of vision
• The use of medications that may affect their abilities.
• Vision and hearing problems.

Traffic regulations state that all drivers and passengers of vehicles on urban and interurban roads are required to properly fasten their seat belts. However, there are some exceptions, such as the one stating that when drivers of vehicles for distribution of goods make repeated loading and unloading operations on urban roads, they are exempt from wearing their seat belt.

In Spain, a wider continuous white line is used to indicate the existence of a special lane. This can include lanes designated for specific purposes such as bus lanes, bike lanes, or lanes reserved for high-occupancy vehicles. The wider line is used to clearly mark these lanes so that drivers understand that the lane has specific rules or restrictions, and they should not enter it unless allowed.

This differs from regular road markings, which use standard continuous lines to mark lane boundaries or the edge of the road. The wider line is a distinctive feature that signals to drivers that the lane is reserved for special use.

Whenever you are driving your vehicle in heavy rain, as in the image, you should brake more gently to prevent the wheels from skidding, since the grip on a wet road is less than on a dry road. You should also reduce your speed to have more time to react in case of a potential obstacle, even stopping the vehicle if necessary, and maintain a larger safety distance between you and the vehicle in front of you to avoid a possible collision.

When driving with insufficient tire pressure, tires wear more and more unevenly, because the wear occurs more on the sides than in the center of the tire. In addition, a tire that is too low in pressure increases fuel consumption. In the case of overinflated tires, wear occurs in the center.

In Spain, during practical driving lessons, the teacher is legally considered the driver because the teacher has control over the vehicle’s additional safety functions, such as the brake and clutch, especially in emergency situations. These additional controls are critical for ensuring the safety of both the student and others on the road. Even though the student is physically behind the wheel, the teacher’s responsibility for overriding the vehicle’s controls, if necessary, is what makes them the driver in the legal sense.

For efficient driving that causes a minimal amount of pollution, drivers should follow a series of guidelines that will save energy and reduce vehicle emissions. Among other things, you should avoid to the extent possible abrupt acceleration and unnecessary braking, drive at a consistent speed whenever possible, and turn on the engine without stepping on the accelerator pedal.

The higher and longer a gear is, the greater the range of speeds we can reach, without engaging a higher gear, and without downshifting to the lower gear.
That is why if we want to increase our speed, the most recommended gears to do so are fourth and fifth gear.

Driving while wearing flip-flops is not advisable because:

Risk of Slipping: Flip-flops can easily slip off the foot, reducing control over the pedals. This can lead to delayed braking or acceleration, increasing the risk of an accident.
Lack of Grip: Unlike closed shoes, flip-flops do not provide a firm grip on the pedals, making it harder to apply the correct pressure consistently.
Obstruction: A loose flip-flop can get stuck under the pedals, preventing the driver from pressing them properly, which can be extremely dangerous in an emergency.

In Spain, traffic regulations stipulate that stopping or parking on interurban roads must always be done off the roadway, on the right side. Therefore, if the vehicle is located outside the transit area of the shoulder and does not obstruct traffic or pose a risk to other road users, it is considered correctly parked.

A passable area of the shoulder refers to a part of the road shoulder that is open and usable for traffic, emergency vehicles, or breakdowns. Stopping or parking in such an area can create hazards, obstruct traffic flow, and prevent emergency access.

Stopping can cause sudden disruptions, leading to accidents, especially if another vehicle needs to use the shoulder.
Parking for an extended period can block access and create safety risks for other road users.

When making a tight turn at a slow speed on a motorcycle, stability is reduced because the gyroscopic effect (which helps keep the bike upright) is weak at low speeds. In this situation:

Using the front brake can be dangerous because it can cause the front wheel to lock up, leading to an immediate loss of balance and a fall.

Instead of using the front brake, riders should rely on smooth throttle control and light rear brake application to maintain stability during the turn.

As speed increases, a driver’s field of vision (peripheral vision) decreases. This phenomenon is known as tunnel vision, where the driver becomes more focused on what is directly ahead while losing awareness of objects and movement in the peripheral (side) vision. At high speeds, the field of vision narrows, making it harder to detect hazards on the sides.

Signals and instructions given by officers are always mandatory and must be followed immediately by drivers and other road users. These take precedence over any other traffic signals and rules, even if they conflict with them.

Tranquilizers, also known as anxiolytics, are used to treat nervous disorders. They induce drowsiness, relax muscles, and can make movement difficult. Many of these sedative medications continue to cause drowsiness for several hours after consumption, meaning they can have lingering effects in the early morning, even if taken the previous night.

Passenger cars, mixed vehicles, and goods transport vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) not exceeding 3,500 kg are required to carry the following accessories, spare parts, and tools:
An approved high-visibility vest.
A hazard pre-signaling device, which is a yellow, self-powered device (battery-operated) that should be positioned as high as possible on the immobilized vehicle for optimal visibility. Warning triangles can still be used until 2026, in which case, two triangles must be available.
A complete spare wheel or a temporary wheel, along with all the necessary tools for changing it.

As a general rule, we will not remove the case from a motorcyclist injured in a traffic accident. In case of bleeding from the nose, we will never plug the outflow of blood or close the injury. We should also bear in mind that the injured in a traffic accident should be moved as little as possible.

The hazard warning sign P-9a in the image indicates that, on the right-hand side, you are approaching a hazard signalled as a level crossing or moveable bridge, and you should use caution and reduce your speed. This sign will always be accompanied by vertical signs P-5 (moveable bridge), P-7 (level crossing with gates) or P-8 (level crossing without gates).

Use of the rear fog light is only permitted when meteorological or environmental conditions on the road are especially unfavorable, such as in the case of thick fog, heavy rain or snow or dense clouds of dust or smoke. Their use is not permitted in any other circumstances, even in areas with many curves at night.

Article 39 of the Law on Traffic, Circulation of Motor Vehicles and Road Safety states that stopping and parking in areas marked for the exclusive use of the disabled and at pedestrian crossings is prohibited. This law also establishes that it will be a serious infraction to stop or park in these reserved spaces, which could be sanctioned with fines of up to 200 euros.

In the context of traffic and road safety, vulnerable groups are those segments of the population that, because of their characteristics, are more prone to being involved in a traffic accident than other road users. We can say that the most vulnerable groups are children, people over age 65, and drivers of two-wheeled vehicles, such as cyclists and moped riders.

Traffic officers may subject drivers who are reported for committing any of the traffic violations or offences established in the Traffic Regulations to a drug, narcotics, psychotropic or alcohol test.

Pedestrians should always travel in the center of the sidewalk, neither very close to the edge of the road to avoid being hit by vehicles, nor very close to the buildings. It is very important for them to follow this rule because one of the most common risk behaviours of pedestrians is not situating themselves correctly on the roadway or sidewalk.

The greater number of traffic accidents are produced in straight roads with good visibility of conventional roads. This is because the course of the road is always the same and can be monotonous and boring for the driver and this one, due the overconfidence wouldn’t put the five senses in the driving.

When transporting goods that may produce or cause dust to fall with the movement of the vehicle, these must be covered completely and effectively with tarpaulins adapted so that they do not fall and hinder the circulation of other vehicles.

Traffic regulations state in article 117 that minors who are 135 centimeters tall or less must always use an approved child restraint system to ride in a vehicle. In, on the other hand, they are between 135 and 150 centimeters tall, they can use either the approved child restraint system or the adult seat belts installed in the vehicle, indiscriminately.

As part of preventive driving, for example, when approaching areas where pedestrians might cross in front of the vehicle and uncertain situations may arise, the driver of the vehicle can gain a few critical meters to avoid a traffic accident by placing their right foot over the brake pedal, without pressing it, simply preparing it in case they have to press it and brake suddenly.