Exam 80 اِگزیم

Stopping and parking on central reservations, dividers, islands, or other traffic management structures is regarded as hazardous. Within urban areas, the hard shoulder can be used for parking, and outside of urban areas, it may also be used if it is not obstructed. Stopping is permitted in loading and unloading zones, and parking is allowed outside of the designated hours.

The braking distance refers to the distance a vehicle covers from the moment the driver applies the brakes until it comes to a complete stop. This distance can be influenced by factors such as the vehicle’s speed, tire condition, suspension, brake efficiency, load, road surface, and weather conditions. On icy roads, the braking distance can be up to 10 times greater, while on wet roads, it can be twice as long.

The horn can be used both in urban and rural areas to prevent accidents or collisions, during emergency services, and on narrow, winding roads. In areas outside towns, it can also serve as a warning when overtaking.

A driver’s ability is shaped by the training received during the learning phase, the experience accumulated through the distance covered, and the various situations encountered. It is also influenced by the driver’s psychophysical condition at the time.

When being overtaken, we are required to stay on the right edge of the road without encroaching on the hard shoulder. We do not need to adjust our speed unless a dangerous situation arises, in which case we must slow down unless the overtaking driver reduces their speed. We are also obliged to allow the overtaking driver to return to their lane safely. The driver being overtaken must not increase their speed or perform maneuvers that hinder or complicate the overtaking process.

Drivers of large or heavy vehicles, or those subject to a specific speed limit, should reduce their speed or move to the hard shoulder as soon as possible, if feasible, to allow following vehicles to pass when traffic density, road width, condition, or profile makes overtaking difficult or unsafe. If these drivers cannot completely stay on the right edge of the road but overtaking is still safe, they should signal the possibility to the approaching vehicle by extending their arm horizontally and moving it back and forth or by using the right indicator.

The hard shoulder should only be used when driving at an unusually low speed, typically below 60 km/h, in an emergency situation, and when it significantly disrupts traffic flow.

According to the general priority rule, the vehicle with an unobstructed right-hand side has the right of way. In this scenario, the green vehicle has no obstruction on its right, so the blue vehicle must yield. The presence of a continuous stop line should not cause confusion, as it does not alter the general priority rule unless accompanied by a vertical stop sign, traffic light, or give-way sign. The stop line merely indicates where we should stop if required.

When a vehicle skids, the first step is to stop braking immediately to regain control. Braking while skidding can worsen the situation by locking the wheels, making it harder to steer. By releasing the brakes, maintaining a firm grip on the steering wheel, and steering smoothly, the driver can recover control and bring the vehicle back on track.

When there are pedestrians on the road we are using, we must reduce our speed, even coming to a complete stop if necessary, to avoid potential accidents. Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who can suffer severe consequences if struck by a vehicle. Therefore, we must exercise extreme caution when driving in their presence, particularly when children are involved, to prevent any accidents.

Any vehicle that is immobilized for any reason between sunset and sunrise or under weather conditions that reduce visibility on the road or shoulder must have its side lights activated. Additionally, in the case of a breakdown, the side lights should be used along with the emergency signal.

The lateral or defensive safety position involves placing the injured person on their side with their head tilted downward. This helps prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway and allows vomit or blood to drain out.
This position should be used when:
The injured person starts vomiting or bleeding from the mouth or ear.
The injured person needs to be left alone briefly to call for assistance.

The oil pressure indicator light stays off to show that the lubrication pressure is normal. If the light turns on while driving, you should stop immediately, as this could lead to a major engine failure.

This sign indicates that we are entering the town, where we will encounter urban roads and intersections. Urban roads refer to those found within the town’s built-up area.

We must follow the general rule of priority to the right. However, this would change if the cyclists were riding in a group, and the first cyclist had already crossed the intersection. In such cases, we should wait for the entire group to pass.
Cyclists have priority over motor vehicles in the following situations:
When riding on a designated cycle lane, cycle path, or hard shoulder.
When a motor vehicle is turning right or left to enter another road, and a cyclist is nearby.
When cycling in a group, if the first cyclist has already begun to cross or has entered a roundabout.

The sign warns of slippery road conditions and mandates the use of snow chains or other approved devices that must act on at least one wheel on each side of the same drive axle before continuing.
You can proceed once one of the following authorized devices is installed:
Snow chains
Other approved devices, such as textile covers
Winter tires (MS), designed for snow and mud
Studded tires, which should have rounded edges and not protrude more than two millimeters from the surface.

On conventional roads, the maximum speed is 90 kilometer per hour.

The engine consumes fuel even when it is idling, so if the stop is prolonged, it is best to turn it off.

The general speed limits on urban roads, based on the road’s characteristics, are as follows:
20 km/h on roads with a single roadbed and a sidewalk.
30 km/h on roads with a single lane in each direction of traffic.
50 km/h on roads with two or more lanes in each direction of traffic. (For vehicles carrying dangerous goods, the limit is 40 km/h).

For these purposes, lanes designated for certain users or exclusively for public transport are not considered. These limits may be adjusted by the Municipal Authority through specific signage. At intersections, the speed limit is set at 50 km/h for all vehicles, except those transporting hazardous goods, which are limited to 40 km/h. This speed limit may also be adjusted through an agreement between the Municipal Authority and the road owner, with appropriate signage.

Driving at an abnormally low speed without a justified reason is prohibited. On motorways and dual carriageways, the speed should not be less than 60 km/h, and on other roads, it should not fall below half of the maximum speed limit for each vehicle. However, certain vehicles like bicycles, animal-drawn vehicles, special transports, and emergency vehicles can travel below the minimum speed limits. Additionally, traffic conditions may allow for lower speeds if it does not pose a risk to traffic. If a vehicle is protecting or escorting another, its speed should match that of the vehicle being accompanied. In cases where a vehicle cannot meet the minimum required speed and there is a risk of collisions, the driver must use the emergency light or signal. Any driver compelled by an emergency to travel at an unusually low speed on a motorway or dual carriageway must exit at the first available exit.

One of the most hazardous consequences of driving in the rain is aquaplaning. This occurs when a vehicle is driven at a certain speed on road sections where water has pooled. The role of the tyre tread is to channel water to the sides of the tyre, ensuring the tread area maintains grip with the road. However, if the tyre tread cannot expel the accumulated water efficiently, the tyre loses contact with the road and begins to float on the water, leading to a loss of control for the driver. The likelihood of aquaplaning depends on both the water evacuation capacity of the tyres, which is measured in litres per second, and the driving speed. At higher speeds, the tyres have less time to clear the water, increasing the risk of aquaplaning. The best way to avoid aquaplaning is to reduce your speed.

The arrow in the image signals that the lane will soon end. It should not be confused with the return arrow, which indicates that a continuous line is ahead, requiring drivers to move to the lane on the right as soon as possible.

If you stop your vehicle in a tunnel or underpass because of traffic, you must:
Park as far from the vehicle ahead as possible.
Turn off the engine if you will be stopped for more than 2 minutes (this applies to any enclosed space).
Keep the side lights on and temporarily activate the hazard warning lights.
When stopping under an overpass or in a tunnel due to heavy traffic, it is necessary to keep the side lights on and also switch on the hazard warning lights.

Proper gear management is crucial for efficient driving. At a certain speed, the higher the gear we are in and the lower the vehicle’s revolutions, the less fuel we consume. To drive efficiently, we will select the highest gear that allows us to maintain the desired speed, ensuring smooth driving without abrupt acceleration or braking.

Any vehicle that is in the lane required for movement in the direction indicated by the green arrow must proceed in that direction (if it is not possible to stay in its own lane), even if it was not the intended route. In the situation shown in the image, since the yellow vehicle intends to turn, the grey vehicle is also obligated to follow the same direction.

We should never attempt to stop internal bleeding or move the head. The injured person must be kept in a protective position.

Although the traffic light is located on the other side of the intersection, we must behave as if the light is positioned before the intersection. Therefore, the blue vehicle must wait for the traffic light to change without entering the intersection, whether it intends to continue straight or turn right or left.

Alcohol can be detected in the bloodstream within 5 minutes of consumption. Blood alcohol levels increase quickly until they reach their peak, typically between 30 and 90 minutes after consumption. After this period, the effects gradually diminish until the alcohol is fully absorbed.

If visibility is inadequate at the stop, the driver must stop again at a location where visibility is clear, resulting in two required stops.

As speed increases, a driver’s field of vision (peripheral vision) decreases. This phenomenon is known as tunnel vision, where the driver becomes more focused on what is directly ahead while losing awareness of objects and movement in the peripheral (side) vision. At high speeds, the field of vision narrows, making it harder to detect hazards on the sides.