Traction of Tires & Brakes Exam 1 اِگزیم

Traffic regulations establish that you must change your tires when the tread depth is less than 1.6 millimetres. However, it is recommended to keep this depth above 2 millimetres in order to drive safely on all types of road surfaces.

If while driving on the road, you get an unexpected flat tire, you should quickly stop the vehicle in a safe place off of the roadway in order to put on the spare tire if you have one. Under no circumstances should you keep driving until the nearest workshop or leave the vehicle anywhere that it may endanger other road users.

If the tires of our vehicle have cuts, cracks, bulges or any other type of damage, they must be replaced regardless of the depth of their grooves.

The date of manufacture of the tires should also be taken into account, since they usually expire after 5 years and lose their elasticity, preventing the vehicle from gripping the pavement properly.

اگر ہماری گاڑی کے ٹائرز میں کٹ، دراڑ، پھولنے یا کسی اور قسم کا نقصان ہو تو انہیں تبدیل کرنا ضروری ہے، چاہے ان کے گرووز کی گہرائی کیسی ہی کیوں نہ ہو۔

ٹائرز کے بننے کی تاریخ بھی اہم ہے، کیونکہ یہ عام طور پر 5 سال بعد ختم ہو جاتے ہیں اور ان کی لچک کم ہو جاتی ہے، جس سے گاڑی کو سڑک پر اچھی طرح پکڑنے میں مشکل ہوتی ہے۔

The vehicle’s tire pressure should always be measured with a pressure gauge, which can be pocket-size or found at a workshop or service station. It is recommended to check tire pressure frequently, before starting a long trip, and always when the tires are cold.

With continuous use, weather conditions and age, the rubber of the tires on your vehicle tend to harden and crack, losing their ability to grip the asphalt, making driving very dangerous as it could lead to skidding due to lack of grip on the road.

Asphalt at high temperatures can cause, among other effects, the tread of the vehicle’s tires to heat up more than normal due to friction, increasing tire wear by 25% compared to driving on asphalt at normal temperatures. You should also avoid excessive tire pressure, since will cause more wear to the tire tread than usual.

The ABS anti-lock braking system (ABS), is a braking system that will prevent the wheels from locking and skidding when braking, thus causing the vehicle to not only brake optimally, but the vehicle will remain stable and we will be able to turn while braking.

The tires of a vehicle should always be inflated to the pressure recommended by the manufacture for that type of vehicle. This pressure is determined by the size of each tire, the mass supported by each axle, and the behavior of each type of vehicle.

Whenever you drive your vehicle through a puddle or an area flooded with water, once you are out of the water, you should check that the brakes are working properly, because it is possible for them to temporarily lose effectiveness. To dry them, gently press on the brake pedal so that the brakes dry out and gradually regain their effectiveness.

جب بھی آپ اپنی گاڑی پانی کی جھیل یا زیر آب علاقے سے گزاریں، تو جب آپ پانی سے باہر نکلیں، آپ کو چیک کرنا چاہیے کہ بریک صحیح کام کر رہی ہیں، کیونکہ ممکن ہے کہ وہ عارضی طور پر اپنی تاثیر کھو دیں۔ انہیں خشک کرنے کے لیے، ہلکے سے بریک پیڈل دبائیں تاکہ بریک خشک ہو جائیں اور آہستہ آہستہ اپنی تاثیر دوبارہ حاصل کریں۔

If while riding your motorcycle you are approaching a slippery part of the road due to snow, water or ice, you should reduce your speed before reaching it to prevent the wheels from skidding, and keep the motorcycle upright, avoiding curves and turns, to prevent the tires from losing traction with the road.

Once or twice a month, when the tyres are cold: Correct
Tyre pressure should ideally be checked once or twice a month when the tyres are cold. This is because when tyres are cold (i.e., before driving or after the car has been stationary for a few hours), the air inside the tyres is at its most accurate pressure. Driving heats up the tyres, which can cause the pressure to rise temporarily, giving an inaccurate reading. Regular checks ensure the tyres are maintained at the correct pressure, helping with fuel efficiency, tyre longevity, and safety.
Only prior to a long trip: This is incorrect because tyre pressure should be checked regularly, not just before long trips, to ensure consistent tyre performance and safety.
Once or twice a month, when the tyres are hot: This is incorrect because checking tyre pressure when the tyres are hot will give an inaccurate reading, as the heat causes the air pressure to increase temporarily.

The wheels may block, causing the vehicle to skid: Correct
When braking on a wet road surface, the risk is that the tires may lose traction, leading to the wheels locking up, which causes the vehicle to skid. This happens because the friction between the tires and the wet surface is reduced, making it harder for the vehicle to stop in a controlled manner. Skidding can lead to loss of control, potentially causing an accident.
There is no danger: This is incorrect because braking on wet roads can be hazardous. Wet surfaces significantly reduce traction, and braking improperly can lead to skidding or even hydroplaning (a dangerous driving condition that occurs when water causes your car’s tires to lose contact with the road surface), which is dangerous.
The tyres are worn: While worn tires can contribute to the problem, the primary danger on a wet surface is the reduced friction between the tires and the road.

Braking distance is defined as the trajectory covered by a vehicle from the moment the driver starts to brake until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. This distance depends on the speed at which you are driving, the condition of the tires and the condition of the road, among others. Therefore, if you drive at an improper speed for that section of road, or your vehicle or the road are in poor condition, these factors will increase your braking distance.

بریکنگ ڈسٹنس اس فاصلے کو کہتے ہیں جو ایک گاڑی اس وقت طے کرتی ہے جب ڈرائیور بریک لگانا شروع کرتا ہے اور جب تک گاڑی مکمل طور پر رک نہیں جاتی۔ یہ فاصلہ آپ کی رفتار، ٹائرز کی حالت اور سڑک کی حالت پر منحصر ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے، اگر آپ اس سڑک کے لیے مناسب رفتار پر نہیں چل رہے ہیں، یا آپ کی گاڑی یا سڑک کی حالت خراب ہے، تو یہ عوامل آپ کے بریکنگ ڈسٹنس کو بڑھا دیں گے۔

Greater than when traveling unloaded: Correct
The braking distance of a loaded vehicle is greater than when traveling unloaded because the extra weight increases the vehicle’s momentum. This means the brakes need more time and distance to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. Heavier vehicles require more force to decelerate, and their tires may also have reduced grip due to the increased load, especially in emergency braking situations or on slippery surfaces.
Shorter than when traveling unloaded: This is incorrect because adding weight to a vehicle increases the stopping distance, not shortens it.
The same as when traveling unloaded: This is incorrect because the physics of increased weight directly affect the vehicle’s braking performance, making the braking distance longer.

Yes: Correct
The state of the tires significantly affects the braking distance because:
Tire Condition: Worn or bald tires reduce traction with the road, leading to longer braking distances.
Tire Pressure: Over-inflated or under-inflated tires can result in uneven contact with the road, reducing effective braking.
Road Conditions and Tire Interaction: On wet, icy, or gravelly roads, good tire tread and condition are critical to prevent skidding and ensure shorter braking distances.
No, because the braking distance depends only on the speed: It is incorrect While speed significantly affects braking distance, other factors such as tire condition, road surface, and braking system also play crucial roles.
No, because the braking distance is always the same: It is incorrect. Braking distance varies depending on multiple factors, including tire state, speed, road conditions, vehicle weight, and braking system efficiency. It is not constant.

That the wheels lock and the vehicle skids: Correct
When the ground is wet, the risk of losing traction increases. In an emergency braking situation, if the brakes are applied too suddenly or too forcefully, the wheels can lock, especially if the vehicle doesn’t have anti-lock braking systems (ABS). When the wheels lock, the vehicle loses its ability to steer, and it may skid. This can make it difficult to maintain control of the vehicle, increasing the risk of an accident.
That the wheels get worn down: This is incorrect because, while braking frequently or harshly can cause wear on the brake pads, the primary danger in an emergency stop on wet ground is losing traction and control, not just wear on the wheels.
There is no danger: This is incorrect because wet conditions inherently increase the risk of skidding, especially during an emergency stop.

The hand brake, as a general rule, is only used to immobilize the vehicle once we have stopped. In very extreme cases, for example, a total failure of the foot brake if we can use it, if necessary, as an emergency brake.

With continued use, weather conditions and its age, the rubber of the tires of our vehicle will tend to harden and crack losing its ability to adhere to the asphalt making driving very dangerous and can skid due to lack of grip to the road.

If, when passing through a section of road filled with water, the brakes of your vehicle get wet, they will temporarily lose their effectiveness, such that the wheels may lock or the breaking force may decrease, and they may even stop braking. If this happens, lightly press the brake pedal to dry out the brakes so that they regain their effectiveness.

Stop pushing the gas pedal and slow down with engine braking: Correct
If there is a malfunction in the braking system while driving, the safest course of action is to stop accelerating and use engine braking to slow the vehicle gradually. Engine braking involves shifting to a lower gear to use the resistance of the engine to reduce speed. This method minimizes the risk of losing control and helps to slow down safely. If necessary, the handbrake can be applied gently to assist, but it should not be used abruptly as it can cause the vehicle to skid.
Steer the vehicle towards an obstacle to stop it: This is incorrect and dangerous. Intentionally colliding with an obstacle to stop the vehicle poses a high risk of injury to passengers and others on the road. It should only be a last resort in an extreme emergency where no other options are viable.
Apply the handbrake lever abruptly: This is incorrect. Abruptly applying the handbrake, especially at high speeds, can cause the rear wheels to lock up, leading to a loss of control or skidding. The handbrake should be applied gradually and only as an auxiliary measure.

The vehicle may veer right: Correct
When entering a bend at high speed, particularly a left-hand bend, the centrifugal force acting on the vehicle pushes it outward, causing it to veer right. This happens because the vehicle struggles to follow the curve due to the excessive speed, and the tires may lose grip on the road. Reducing speed before entering the bend helps maintain control and prevents veering.
Nothing, because it is clearly signalled: The presence of a sign warning about the bend does not prevent the physical effects of high speed. Regardless of signage, entering a bend too quickly can cause the vehicle to lose control and veer off course.
The vehicle may veer left: In this scenario, veering left is unlikely. When entering a bend at high speed, the centrifugal force pushes the vehicle outward, which would make it veer to the right on a left-hand bend.

If you are forced to brake urgently in your vehicle, you must act differently depending on whether or not it has an ABS brake system. If the vehicle does NOT have ABS and has conventional brakes, the driver should press hard on the brake pedal all the way down and progressively reduce the pressure to prevent the wheels from locking. On the other hand, if the vehicle DOES have ABS, you should press hard on the brake pedal while at the same time stepping on the clutch.

When you are driving your vehicle on a road affected by fog, you should always adapt your speed to the current atmospheric conditions, since visibility of the road is reduced with fog. Your tires can also lose traction with the road because the fog makes the asphalt wet, making it more slippery and less adherent.

Video Explanation

There are several factors that can accelerate the wear of our vehicle’s tires beyond normal. Among them are the temperature of the environment or the asphalt, which will cause greater wear of the tread against higher sea. Also if we overload our vehicle above the maximum load rating of the tire, drive at high speed or on a bad asphalt will make the wear higher than usual.

Turn the steering wheel in that direction: Correct
When the rear wheels of a vehicle skid, the vehicle may begin to slide or fishtail. In this situation, the driver should turn the steering wheel in the same direction as the skid. This is known as “steering into the skid.” By doing so, the driver helps to realign the car with the direction of motion, allowing the rear wheels to regain traction and helping to regain control of the vehicle.
Turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction: This would be correct for certain types of skids, especially in cases of front-wheel skids, but not for rear-wheel skids. Turning against the direction of the skid can make the situation worse.
Hold the steering wheel firmly and do not turn it: Not turning the steering wheel could cause the vehicle to continue sliding uncontrollably. Steering into the skid is necessary for regaining control.

When you park in an up gradient you should put the parking brake and select the first gear if it’s an up gradient, and the reverse gear in a descendant gradient.

The shock absorbers together with the tires and brakes of the vehicle are the ones that ensure the correct stability of the vehicle as well as safe braking.
If the shock absorbers of our vehicle are in bad condition, this will directly affect the suspension system of the vehicle and it is possible that when we go over a bump or speed bump our wheels bounce more than usual.
When we notice this, we should go to a garage to have our shock absorbers replaced with new ones.

When driving with insufficient tire pressure, tires wear more and more unevenly, because the wear occurs more on the sides than in the center of the tire. In addition, a tire that is too low in pressure increases fuel consumption. In the case of overinflated tires, wear occurs in the center.

Motorcycle’s tires must always be kept in good condition to avoid a possible road accident. We will therefore frequently check their pressure, the condition of their tread (no cuts, cracks or scratches), and that there is no deformation in the rim or tyre that would prevent them from working properly.

موٹر سائیکل کے ٹائر ہمیشہ اچھی حالت میں ہونے چاہئیں تاکہ سڑک پر کسی ممکنہ حادثے سے بچا جا سکے۔ اس لیے ہم باقاعدگی سے ان کا پریشر، ٹائر کی حالت (کوئی کٹ، دراڑ یا خراش نہ ہو) اور یہ بھی چیک کریں گے کہ رِم یا ٹائر میں کوئی خرابی یا بگاڑ نہ ہو جو ان کی کارکردگی میں رکاوٹ بنے۔

With the added weight, the overtaking distance will be longer, requiring more space for braking. Additionally, the increased weight enhances resistance to crosswinds, and the wheels—particularly the rear one—will take longer to lock up and will do so with greater difficulty when braking.

وزن میں اضافے کی وجہ سے اوورٹیکنگ کا فاصلہ زیادہ ہوگا، اور بریک لگانے کے لیے زیادہ جگہ درکار ہوگی۔ اس کے علاوہ، بڑھا ہوا وزن کراس ونڈ کی مزاحمت میں اضافہ کرے گا، اور ٹائرز، خاص طور پر پچھلا ٹائر، دیر سے اور زیادہ مشکل سے لاک ہوں گے۔